1. rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的

         2. significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial

         3. approximately 将近-nearly, almost

         4. proportion/ percentage 比例

         5. be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与

         6. induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive推断

         7. fortune/ destiny/ chances

         8. deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission (尾气)排放/ exploit

         9. complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的

         10. capacity能力，容量/ competence （竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）

         11. 确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure (insure)/ guarantee 押金

         12. solely/ merely/ only

         13. a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列 of

         14. pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人

         15. believe/ assume (responsibility)/ suppose

         16. 授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right （权利）

         17. purchase/ buy

         18. ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ]

         19. modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]

         20. insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing

         21. constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit

         22. circumstance 环境（社会 ）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（ 环保 ）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（ 文章中 ）

         23. notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的><fragrant 香的

         24. 移民：immigrant (进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant

         25. 兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing

         26. 神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred

         27. 有毒的：poisonous/ toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的)

         28. 致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal

         29. 类似于：look like/ resemble

         30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的

         31. 网恋：virtual love/ cyber love

         32. 网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend

             上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line  cyber café/网吧

         33. evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及

         34. indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测

         35. indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray

         36. therapist /expert/ specialist

         37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length

         38. commonest/ frequent

         39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped

         40. 退化：degenerate/ -tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/ degrade ->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下

         41. 分类：category-categorize/ class-classify  

         42. consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency

         43. clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁

         44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace

         45. alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性

         46. 孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝， 排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘，隔热（体）

         47. 缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback

         48. 创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty)  =>[n]/creative/revolutionary

         49. neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，

         50. ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure

         51. communicate 沟通，传达，通报

         52. accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠

         53. commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务

         54. contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for  (占据)导致

         54. 缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)

         55. 强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on

         明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/ obviously=>evidently

         56. 对…怀疑：(be) /skeptical/skeptical /dubious/ suspicious (about/of)

         57. 缺陷：drawback/ fault/ defect/ imperfection/ failing/ weakness/ shortcoming/ flaw

         58. 臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/ flagrant/ smelly/ odorous

         59. 机构，组织：association/ structure /organization

         60. 超过：exceed/ surpass

         61. 岩浆：molten rock/ lava/ magma 

         62. 语言：linguist ~学家/ lingual和~有关的/ bilingual/  双语

         63. 多种多样的：diversity/ variety/ breed/ species

         breed：[n]品种，[v]繁殖，培养，引起，造成

         64. dialect 方言  accent 腔调

         65. 开始的，初步的：begin/ launch/ initial (-ly) [v] 首字母，开始的/ initiate开始，发动->initiative原创性= origin

         66. 贫穷：poor/ in poverty/ impoverished（ 被剥夺财产的）

         67. 杰出：eminence (-t)/ prominence (-t)/unusual

         68. gene/ genetic defect ~缺陷/ anatomy解剖/ conceive构思，怀孕/ deliver分娩

         69. 辅助性：alternative 补充性/ therapist

         70. 演绎，推理：deduce->deductive / inferential >< induce 引导归纳-> induction 归纳

         71. 令人困惑的：bewildering/ puzzling/ perplexing

         72. apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于

         73. subsidize辅助/ subsidy 补助，补贴/ subsidiary

         74. a factor in sth/ depend on sth

         75. be preferred by/ choice

         76. attitude to/ how

         77. the present century/ modern society

         78. broad/ great

         79. in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to, in spite of 不顾，尽管

         80. small-scale 小范围/ marginal 边缘处的

         81. physical/ medical

         82. negotiation/ agreement 谈判，洽谈/ 商定，协议

         83. evolve/ develop

         84. apartment/ accommodation 公寓/ 住房

         85. virtual (love)/ simulate 模拟的（网恋）/ 模拟

         86. catastrophe/ disaster 大灾难/ 灾难，不幸

         87. innovate/ invent 革新，创新/ 发明，创造

         sculpture/ craft 雕刻，雕塑/ 工艺

         88. exorbitant/ expensive 过度的，极高的/ 费用大的，昂贵的

         89. be participant in/ take part in /participate in

         90. labour [美，澳]/work

         91. attend to/ take care of

         92. dual employment/ dual-worker 双职工（家庭）

         93. indicate/ predict 指示，表明，象征/ 预料，预言

         A major contributor  to/ be central to 来源，起点/ 是…的主要，中心原因

         94. expert/ therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家

         95. lead to/ be associated with 相联系（带来…的好处）

         96. balanced/ equitable 平等的

         97. handicap/ disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的

         98. could not-and cannot/ has always been unable to by/ from

         99. benefit/ advantage

         100. substantial influence/ greater likelihood

         101. agree on/ define

         102. considered desirable/ effectiveness

         103. masquerade/ (in) disguise 伪装

         104. insignificant/ didn’t seriously 不重要/不严重的

         105. inspect/ examine 审核,检查

         106. caliber/ criterion 标准

         107. no-one know>< notorious 无人知晓><臭名昭著的

         108. dissatisfy/ argue 不满意/厌恶，讨厌

         109. pessimism/ negative/ blue >< optimistic 悲观的，忧郁的>< 乐观的

         110. unsatisfactory/ hardly be looked upon

         111. identify/ define

         112. turn… into/ become

         113. urban/ rural/suburban

         114. demolish/ knock down/ dismantle 毁坏，拆毁（建筑物）/ 敲，打

         115. migration/ move 迁移/ 移动

         116. pay/ charge sb for 向某人…猛攻，充电，负责，付费，控诉

         117. separate/ split 分开，使隔绝，提取/ 分，劈开

         118. fascination/attraction (-e:[v]) 迷住，吸引住

         119. not require/ unnecessary 不需要/ 不必要

         120. decode/ decipher 译解（密码），解释

         121. delay/ drawback= disadvantage 耽误，延迟/ 欠缺，弊端

         122. association/ organization 机构，关联/ 组织

         123. recent/ current/ nowadays/present 最近的/ 现代的/ 当今的/现在

         124. intensive burst/ explosive  release 强烈的爆发/ 爆炸性的释放

         125. recognized/ identified 承认，识别，认可/ 识别，鉴别

         126. aim to/ focus on 针对，目标，打算/ 集中

         127. link…to/ lead to 连接/导致，通向

         128. inadequate (diet)/ deficiency (in trace minerals) 不充分，不适当的/ 缺乏，不足

         129. basic/ fundamental 基础的，基本的

         130. seize/ catch 捕捉，抓住

         131. fatal/ lethal 致命的

         132. success on/ running on 成功

         133. costly/ be related by 有关系的

         134. be obtained in/ be derived  in 获得，流行，通用/ 由…产生，起源于

         135. high-income/ wealthy 高收入的/富裕的

         136. be alike/ be similar to 相同的，相似的

         137. indicate/ show 显示，指出，象征

         138. eliminate/ lessen >< 消除/ 减少

         139. not risen significantly/ stagnate 停滞不前的

         140. salary/ wage 工资：总称/ 蓝领的

         141. create/ gain 创造，造成/ 获得，增加

         efficiently/ increased productivity 有效率的/ 上升的生产率

         142. economy/ financial 经济

         143. administration/ management

         144. (be) sympathetic/ understand 同情的，赞同/ 理解

         145. introduce/ involve 引入/ 卷入

         148. almost/ approximately

         149. be out of date/ be developed

         150. solve/ reduce 减少

         151. famous/ eminent

         152. barrier/ hurdle

         153. higher position/ top post

         154. Advantage: virtue, merit, benefit , positive aspect, strength, 好处 ,优点,长处

         155. Disadvantage: weakness, failing, weakness, defect, drawback, negative aspect, fault不利,缺点,缺陷

         156. Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的

         157. Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的

         158. Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评

         159. Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点

         160. Ability; capability, power, caliber能力

         161. Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的

         162. Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的

         163. Success: achievement, feat 成功

         164. Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因

         165. Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果

         166. Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为

         167. Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致

         168. Disaster: catastrophe 灾难

         169. Pollute: contaminate 污染

         170. Poisonous: toxic 有毒的

         171. Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降

 

         172. Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升